Balsawood Structure Design Essays - Mechanics, Materials Science

Balsawood Structure Design Essays - Mechanics, Materials Science Balsawood Structure Design 1. Presentation: This report is the primary phase of the structure, development and testing of a balsa wood structure. In April, the structure will be tried against cohorts structures, where the plan with the most elevated burden/weight proportion wins. The data picked up from this report will be utilized in the development of the structure. The report is made out of two segments. The first is an assessment of material properties of balsa, pastes and distinctive joint arrangements. The subsequent segment comprises of a conversation on a starter structure that depends on ends drawn from the testing segment. Normal material trial of pressure, pressure and twisting were performed and broke down. The characteristics of three distinct cements were tried and assessed, lastly, three distinctive joint setups were tried. Outlines of each test arrangement are incorporated. At whatever point conceivable, subjective outcomes will be given rather than carefully quantitative qualities. A subjective outcome is substantially more valuable in general structure choices. Trial results from the testing stage joined with encounters is working with the materials offered hints for the fundamental plan. The plan segment blends both pragmatic and trial experience together to introduce the most ideal answer for the structure. It likewise offers extra bits of knowledge that were not considered in the underlying material testing methodology. The plan introduced in the this segment, is probably going to be comparative the last model, anyway changes might be required for the last structure that were unforeseeable at the hour of this report. This report for the most part works as a guide for the development phase of the task. Its job is to give helpful data and a reason for the last structure. Before the last structure is tried, models will be developed to test the standards talked about in this report. The objective of this report is to join the outcomes from testing and experience to produce a working fundamental structure. 2. Material Testing All standard testing was performed on the Applied Test System situated in room XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. The objective of this segment is to decide the material qualities of balsa, and how balsa reacts to various stacking. Prior to testing, the essential structure of balsa should be thought of. Wood grain is made out of packs of flimsy rounded parts or filaments which are normally shaped together. At the point when stacked corresponding to this grain, the filaments show the best quality. When stacked opposite to the grain, the filaments pull separated effectively, and the material shows the least quality. By and large, for structure contemplations, the most fragile direction ought to be tried. Notwithstanding, testing technique called for testing of the material in the best quality directions; torsion and pressure, equal to the grain, and twisting with the shear powers opposite to the grain. Testing the materials for their best heading qualities can deliver results that are not delegate of genuine conduct. To expect uniform pressure circulations and to anticipate the specific areas of worries preceding testing models is commonly not a smart thought. Anyway the qualities got from these tests can give a general thought of where the structure may fall flat, and will show essential properties of the material. Pressure Test In pressure testing, it is critical to have tests formed like the one in Figure 1, or the material may break at the finishes where the cinches are applied to the material. Disappointment was characterized to happen when the example broke in the middle region, and not close to the clips. The machine records the most extreme burden applied to the example and the cross sectional territory was taken of the focal zone preceding testing. These two qualities are used to process the greatest pressure the material can withstand previously disappointment. Figure 1: Sample Torsion Specimen When all is said in done, the material fizzled at the spaces with the littlest cross-sectional zones, where imprecisions in cutting occurred or the material was essentially more fragile. It stepped through numerous examinations to get breaks that happened in the inside area rather than at the finishes, maybe with an significantly littler focus area this would have been simpler. It ought to likewise be noticed that two unique clusters of balsa were tried and there was a prominent disparity between the outcomes. Table 1: Tension Tests Results Example # Strength (psi) 1 1154 2 1316 3 1830 4 1889 Examples 3 and 4 were from an alternate clump of balsa and were thicker pieces all in all, in spite of the fact that thickness ought to have had no impact on greatest pressure, it is expected that the subsequent group basically has a more noteworthy thickness than the first, or maybe that it had not been influenced via air dampness as much as the main group. (See the structure ideas segment for more conversation

Huckleberry Finn (812 words) Essay Example For Students

Huckleberry Finn (812 words) Essay Huckleberry FinnThe thought Miss Watson has of Huck Finn being a filthy, terrible, obscene young man who smokes, swears, and avoids Sunday school is certainly not a legitimate depiction of him. Hucks character goes a lot further. Huck is an exacting disapproved, inventive, dependable kid who is incredibly affected by the brutal methods of society. His general public driven soul is in consistent clash with his free, faithful heart. A psyche of the best exactitude is spoken to by Huck and what he calls his ?inner voice?. Hucks still, small voice is the faith in the brutal privileges of slave proprietors not to be denied of their property. Hucks still, small voice is a depiction of the virtues of society. The possibility of subjection is penetrated by society into all of its individuals, including the in any case free tramp like Huck-and the ?common?, human privileges of Jim. Hucks heart follows the contrary perspectives on his still, small voice. Huck has been tuning in to Jims energized talk about what he will do when he is free and it has upset what Huck calls his still, small voice. Still, small voice says to me, ?What had poor Miss Watson dont to you that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and never state one single word? What did that poor ladies do to you that you could treat her so mean (92) Jim, as a man, has the privilege to be free. Huck doesn't understand this due to the perspectives society has imparted in him. Jim has the option to adore his significant other and long for his youngsters. Jim has the assurance to work and set aside up his cash and never spend a fragrance so as to purchase his youngsters out of servitude. The last arrangement he considers, getting ?an Ablitionist to proceed to take? (93) his kids if their proprietor will not sell them. The thought of this arrangement is a stun to Hucks still, small voice that stirs him to the underhandedness of partnering with Jim and helping him flee from the general public adjusting Miss Watson. Miss Watson holds Jim in property subjugation and Huck in the more unobtrusive subjection of cultivated direct. Hucks heart is along these lines gravely shaken by Jims devilish discuss taking his kids from a blameless proprietor. He concludes that it is his ethical obligation to double-cross Jim. This choice is an extraordinary alleviation to him, and the moment they sight a town he sets off in the kayak to discover someone to catch Jim. Unfortunately, as he is leaving Jim says to him, ?Ise a liberated individual, en I couldnt ever been free ef it hadnt been for Huck?yous de bes fren Jims ever had; en yous de just fren ole Jims got now? (93). This guiltless articulation of human warmth and appreciation is exceptionally poorly planned for Huck; as he says, ?I was rowing off, all in a perspiration to tell on him; however when he says this it appeared to sort of remove the fold all from me? (93). Accordingly, when on certain men in a kayak who are really searching for out of control slaves Huck discovers he isn't ?man enough? to deceive Jim. This clarifies Hucks steadfastness and commitment to staying faithful to his obligation to Jim-his vow not to turn Jim in for getting away from servitude. Rather he winds up designing and performing with incredible aptitude a confused untruth that convinces the men in the kayak not to go close to the pontoon where Jim is stowing away: he causes them to accept he never says so himself-that there are three individuals with little pox on the pontoon. In addition to the fact that this illustrates Huck has an incredible degree of creative mind it shows the he has a significant information on human instinct. .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa , .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .postImageUrl , .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa , .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa:hover , .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa:visited , .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa:active { border:0!important; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa:active , .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u2f55e53f9 ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2f55e53f9ffb1e58b6b85ed110d70eaa:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: A Day in the Life of a Cherokee Indian Essay This information permits him to make stories, which play upon the narrow-mindedness and insignificance of society. He is profoundly disheartened to wind up acting along these lines, as though he ?hadnt the spunk of a hare? (94). ?I knowed well indeed,? he says, ?that I had fouled up, and I see it warnt no utilization for me to attempt to figure out how to do right; a body that dont begin right when hes little aint got no show-when the squeeze comes there aint nothing to back him up and hold him to his work, thus he gets beat?So I figured I wouldnt trouble not any more about it, ye t after this consistently do whichever cam handiest at that point? (95). Hucks heart vanquishes his ethical perspectives on society. Hucks heart wins as he fights the ethical clash of society. He vanquishes this general public with his sensible mindedness, innovativeness, and devotion. His heart resists societys cruel acts while his still, small voice pushes him towards the standard methods of society. The triumph of Hucks heart is inferable from his character qualities and eventually makes him a decent individual.

Our Favorite Comics of 2015 (So Far)

Our Favorite Comics of 2015 (So Far) Half the year has passed, so our Panelteers have reflected on the best comics published so far this year. Jem the Holograms by Kelly Thompson and Sophie Campbell (Jon Erik Christianson)* Before this year, I had never encountered anything Jem. My interest in this series came solely from my knowledge of the creative teamâ€"I’ve been a fan of Kelly Thompson’s since I started reading comics, and Sophie Campbell’s work speaks for itself. Holy shimmering sequins am I enamored with this series. I want Campbell to re-design everything: DC and Marvel superheroes, my wardrobe, the world. The characters in comic boast different heights, body sizes, facial features, hair colors, and stature. Expressions are varied and often hilariously fun. The series has a strict #NoHomo policyâ€"if “homo” means “homogeneity.” On the flipside (#YesHomo), the series is bursting with prominent queer characters who aren’t sabotaged by dated tropes. Presumably with the help of goat sacrifice, Thompson manages to tell a character-centric story with a cast of eleven characters. Even characters lacking in panel time make up for it with efficient, smart dialogue. I liken this series to Cartoon Network’s Steven Universe. It’s a character-focused story set in a diverse, realistic world drenched in visual spectacle and a rad color palette. And it shouldn’t be missed. SuperMutant Magic Academy by Jillian Tamaki (Hilary Lawlor) Jillian Tamaki’s Supermutant Magic Academy is so brilliant, it’s a little bit scary. When you first start reading, you think the comics aren’t connected, that they’re just about random kids at this school for… kids with random powers? But as the book goes on, you see the threads of stories between friends, interlocking timelines, jokes made in the beginning of the book that come up again later and then, epiphany: this isn’t a random selection, it’s an ongoing sitcom/drama where every page is a different episode. Everything comes together in the end so subtly, you have to commend Tamaki’s deft hand. Plus, it’s hilarious and her art is fantastic. The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl by Ryan North, Erica Henderson, Rico Renzi, Clayton Cowles, Maris Wicks (Katie Schenkel)* 2015 has been an amazing year for new comic series, but this one? This one is the one that consistently makes me happier every time I can get my hands on a new issue. The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl is absolutely hilarious, has a focus on female characters, and allows the title character (who is kind of known for being majorly overpowered) to solve her problems through ways other than just punching. She still does a good amount of punching, but she’s also empathetic to her foes and often recognizes when the situation can be defused by simply suggesting an alternative course of action. I can’t forget about the art Erica Henderson brings a cartoony, fun look to the story and her version of our squirrely heroine is adorable. The fact that Squirrel Girl (alias Doreen Green) is a STEM student and the rest of her friends are people of color who are also STEM students is also pretty fantastic. The art and writing is both appropriate for kids while being clever and downright funny as heck. I can’t recommend this all-ages book enough. Theyre Not Like Us #3 by Eric Stephenson, Simon Gane, Jordie Bellaire Fonografiks (Brian McNamara)* What if the only way you could find your place in the world, the only way to feel normal, to become part of a better life where you could be yourself, you had to kill your parents? That’s the choice placed in front of Syd, a young woman who is just learning to deal with innate telepathic powers. After years of no one believing she could read minds and being tortured by psychic chaffe, she chooses to take her life. But a charismatic stranger with telepathic powers of his own attempts to save her and in doing so brings her to a whole new world; a place full of others with unique powers, a place where outsiders could be free. They’re Not Like Us is a sort of postmodern X-Men; combining issues of acceptance, coming out and self-awareness with the world super powers and discrimination. It presents a realist view of what those powers mean, what moving beyond your old life could be like, as well as what the cost of cutting all ties really is. Simon Gane’s art stands out, presenting fl eshed out rooms, distinct characters and is expertly accompanied by a moody yet vivid color palette from Jordie Bellaire. A novel feature of the single issues is that the cover features the first panel of the story, bringing the reader right into that world. They’re Not Like Us is at once a celebration and takedown of San Francisco hipsterism, placing our disaffected youth in a world that fears and hates them as much as they fear and hate it. Nimona by Noelle Stevenson (Melody Schreiber) The more I think about it, the more I like this book. The characters are complex and compelling, and they challenge our ideas about heroes and villains. And it’s hilarious. I identified really deeply with Nimona, who is extremely self-confident and afraid of who she really is at the same time. It’s the kind of book you want to wave around in public places and shout “READ THIS NOW!” Bitch Planet  #3 Kelly Sue DeConnick, Robert Wilson IV, and Valentine De Landro (Jenn Northington)* Bitch Planet is everything I want out of a comics reading experience and then some. I’ve always been hungry for politically inspired science fiction (thanks to early exposure to Ursula Le Guin) and Bitch Planet more than delivers on that front. By taking inspiration from exploitation films and the current battles for women’s rights and then throwing them into the future and into outer space, Kelly Sue DeConnick and Valentine de Landro have created a place to explore what these things did mean, do mean, and could mean for us. They’ve created a roster of characters that is truly diverse body type and shape, race and culture, orientation, opinions, abilities. The stakes are high, the action is intense, and the story takes place on a PRISON PLANET IN SPACE. And then there are the essays in the back of each issue, exploring issues of intersectional feminism I am here for your think-pieces, ladies and ladytypes. There’s a reason I have a non-compliant tattoo, and that reason is that Bitch Planet is my favorite comic of 2015 so far. Darth Vader by Kieron Gillen, Salvador Larroca, and Edgar Delgado (Michael Chasin)* Kieron Gillen’s been on fire lately, but even going into his newest book with high expectations there was something about this exploration of one of the biggest bads in history that took me by surprise. As a comic it’s great, and Larocca and Delgado do a thrilling job bringing the long ago, far, far away galaxy to life in a familiar, striking way, with every character perfectly designed and quiet moments that hit just as hard as the free-flowing action. For the Star Wars junkie, this is a great ride, and if it only succeeded on that level it would be worth checking out. But it goes further than that. This book is full-fledged rehab for Darth Vader, a character whose gravitas and iconography have been cheapened for decades. Well, no more. Once again the Dark Lord of the Sith is menacing, compelling, visually exciting, and outright cool in ways I forgot he could be, and that’s just for starters. Beyond simply bringing Vader back to his roots, this comic also integrates some of th e less cringe-inducing material from the prequel trilogy through intelligent and emotionally true storytelling. For the first time it really does feel like Hayden Christensens Anakin might have grown into the man behind that legendary mask, and the fact that this creative team has pulled off that connection without lessening Vader in any way is astounding. Combine that with a great supporting cast (Triple Zero, the C-3PO of torture, is inspired) and a narrative that feels important in the context of the franchise, and were left with the best thing so far to come out of post-Disney Star Wars. And with the latter half of the year sure to be dominated by anticipation for the new movie, Darth Vaderâ€"its first arc just completedâ€"is the perfect way to remind yourself why we cared about this world and these stories in the first place. Giant Days by John Allison and  Lissa Treiman (Marcy)* I hadn’t heard of Giant Days until it was recommended to me by a friend it quickly became my current favourite comic of the year. It has a simple premise, three young women are at university, and this is the story of how they interact together and with other students. It’s a story of that awkward in-between time when you think you’re no longer a child and believe yourself to be an adult attending university; but looking back you were really just a big kid learning how to adult. The art is really cute, the story is sharp with great conversations between the protagonists. Issue #1 is a masterclass in how to introduce characters that should be studied by everyone who wants to be or is involved in creating comics. Giant Days is a short six issue series and it’s a classic. Unflattening by Nick Sousanis (Hattie Kennedy) Unflattening is the published version of Sousanis’ PhD dissertation which happens to be a comic book. It is a fascinating exploration of comics and their potential for communicating stories and information. Sousanis explores how we read and just why comics might be the perfect way in which to experience all new ways of seeing, free of the limitations of purely visual or verbal forms of representation. If I am making it sound really dry, I really must emphasise that it isn’t, indeed for someone who reads a lot of comics and writes about them this has been one of the most exciting things I have read in ages. If you’re even the smallest bit interested in how comics work and the potentials of the form then this is essential reading. References to other texts abound and Sousanis uses the page creatively to make this an intriguine and immersive reading experience. Alex + Ada, Volume 2 by Jonathan Luna and Sarah Vaughn (Chris Arnone) Volume 2 was published in March, but I can’t recommend this entire story enough. I used the first two trades to catch up to this story and was in tears several times right up to the end (the series ends with issue #15). Alex + Ada is a beautiful story of love and what it means to be human. It’s a simple story and all the better for its simplicity. I will absolutely be purchasing a nice, collected hardcover when it becomes available. Alex + Ada has a purposeful pace, so it’s best read all at once anyway. Ms. Marvel  #16 by G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona (Ali Colluccio) I’m going to be real with you guys because Panels is a safe, non-judgy place. I cry every time I read an issue of Ms. Marvel. I laugh too. There’s a lot of gasping and cheering. I’ve been know to hug an issue or two after reading. I feel bad for the people on the subway or PATH with me when I read this comic because it’s gotta be awkward to see some random stranger go through a full range of emotions in a packed rush hour train. We’re 16 issues into Ms. Marvel and this still happens to me every month. Miami Vice Remix by Joe Casey and Jim Mahfood (Eric Margolis)* So, my favorite comic of 2015 at this point has been Miami Vice: Remix. Really? Yeah, really! But, in an ironic way, right? Nope, I genuinely adored this comic. Back in April, Issue #1 was my pick of the month. This book caught me off guard, in the best possible way. Like I said back then, I’m not a fan of licensed comics nor am I a fan of Miami Vice in general, but this book was AMAZING. The storyline was a completely ridiculous buddy-cop book with bath salt zombies, pet gators and insane over-the-top violence. Casey’s script was superb and Mahfood’s art was absolutely gorgeous (Really looking forward to seeing Mahfood on that upcoming issue of Howard the Duck now). I’m super sad that this book was only a 5 issue miniseries, but I’m hoping for a follow up. Buy this thing and tell everyone you know about it, because we need more! Convergence: Superman #1 Dan Jurgens, Lee Weeks, Brad Anderson (Mart Gray) Maybe nostalgia isnt what it used to be, but when youre in the mood, its just fantastic. And that was my reaction to the first issue of a two-part DC Convergence spin-off that gave us a pre-New 52 Superman and Lois Lane. For a few fabulous minutes I could forget the mess of a non-relationship theyve had over the last few years and wallow in the love between my two old friends. Lois and Clark, partners in life and partners in crimefighting, one more time. That theyre in an intriguing story showcasing the best aspects of their characters doesnt hurt. Writer Dan Jurgens, tasked with having them encounter the World of Flashpoint, reminds us of the heart contained within this classic pairing. Theyve been trapped in an impenetrable dome, God knows where, with no idea what the future will bring once the child theyre expecting is born; Superman has no powers; Lois has no outlet for the reports she cant stop writing but do they lose heart? Nope, their optimism is intact, their spirits strong er than ever. Individually, theyre amazing. Together, Clark and Lois are a force of nature. And Lee Weeks, an artist not associated with the Man of Steels world, draws them beautifully. The gentle strength of Superman, the indomitable presence of Lois its all there, along with the twisted Flashpoint Captain Marvel, Batman and co, looking scary as hell. In current canon, Superman and Lois are lost to one another, but this issue reminded me that the classic versions are out there, ready to be returned to us if we just want it enough. Gotham Academy, Vol. 1 Becky Cloonan, Brenden Fletcher, and Karl Kerschl (Swapna) Im a sucker for gothic mysteries. You say gothic mystery and I say WHERE GIVE IT TO ME NOWWW. So when I first picked up  Gotham Academy, a YA comic with a gothic feel, I was immediately hooked. Karl Kerschls art is absolutely gorgeous, and gives the comic a moody tone. Its up to the characters to bring the fun into the comic, and they do so in an incredible way. It doesnt matter if you read other DC comics, or if you generally shy away from superheroes in your comicsthis is one you should give a try. I love the pure joy that is this comic, and am waiting for the next issue with breathless anticipation. *denotes a link to a trade that hasnt yet been released, though the first issue was released in Jan-June 2015

Technology and Its Impact on Society - 2160 Words

Technological Advancements and Its Impact on Humanity Author Mr.Pratik Rajendra ButtePatil. B.Tech-Agricultural Engineering (Final Year) Abstract This paper sketches an overview of Technological advancements which have shown a substantial growth concerned with each and every field of humanity whether it be the communication systems, astronomy, nuclear powers, medical fields, automobiles, electronic devices of daily usage or the computers. Everything of the technologies has its uses and abuses over humanity; both of the views are taken in the account†¦. Introduction Humanity or Mankind has evolved from the essence that separates humans from beasts: the ability to use the mind for reason. Reason is the ability to analyze, create,†¦show more content†¦The age of automation is going to be the age of do it yourself. Without the needed technology a lot of people would struggle with their health. In addition it saves many innocent lives Secondly, the advanced technology improves industry by making it more effective and, what is vital today, safer for environment. Thus the speed of improvement is huge and unpredictable. Advancement in Technology: A Darker Side Problems and potentials often go hand in hand; problems can be turned into opportunities Every elements of the universe exhibits two faces, one is constructive side and other is destructive side. Technological advancements have shown a substantial growth concerned with each and every field whether it be the communication systems, astronomy, semiconductor devices, automobiles, electronic devices of daily Society has become more and more usage, bio-electronic devices, building and dependent on technology. So much so that we architectural design techniques or the sometimes lack the willingness to think before computers we act. We become impatient if it takes more than a few seconds to download a copy of the morning news paper. We expect immediate responses to our email, and we expect someone to answer their cell phone whenever and wherever we call. Technology is making us so bust that we can cant even find time to spend with our closed one’s. it would be surprising to know that people are in contact through chat and online messagingShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Society : Impact Of Technology On Society1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Technology has impacted people, businesses and society as a whole. The roles that technology has played on communication, business and education have been more than impactful. As the power of computers continue to increase with help from databases, social networking and businesses, it adds an increase to office productivity compared to using typewriters, and filing cabinets. 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If the internet, mobile devices, and games were taken away from us, how would we feel? Many people would feel like a part of their lives are missing due to technology now being a necessity in their everyday life. It would be very different from what we are comfortable with today. The truth is, many people rely on technology to get them through the dayRead MoreTechnology and Its Impact on Society1082 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology and its impact on society In this paper I will talk about the topic that technology will eventually destroy the entire civilization, since people are greedy and the revenge of nature. Technology s advantages and disadvantages are a subject of constant discussion. Those who are against technology have the opinion that technology harms people and will ultimately ruin human civilization. Threats to the environment are pollution, resource depletion, greenhouse gas, and nuclear power abuse

The Bodys Response to Stress - 542 Words

Stress is the way the human body reacts to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional response. Stress can come from any situation and each individual reacts differently to stress. Mr A, may have no problems when burdened with numerous deadlines, while Mr B may find this particularly stressful. Stress is caused by an existing stress-causing factor called a stressor. Common stressors in everyday life could be financial problems, deadlines associated with work or college or relationship issues and it could also be a combination of issues. Stress is normally associated as a negative event but it could prove to be a positive event as it forces an individual to re-evaluate life choices and schedules influencing stress. Stress is not considered a medical diagnosis, however severe stress which continues for a long time may lead to a diagnosis of anxiety, depression or severe mental health problems and this could prove detrimental to an individual’s physical or mental heal th and well-being if it is not effectively combated. AC2 Individuals may encounter stress regularly, some common causes of stress which may occur in our everyday lives are Life changes, changes to our everyday routine however big or small contribute to stress. A life change such as moving house is a big feat and requires a lot of patience and calmness. A busy schedule is another main case of stress, when our relationships do not go the way we want it to, it could make us very emotional and frustratedShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Traumatic Disorder1206 Words   |  5 Pagesbrain functioning levels. Although this stress disrupts the homeostasis of the client’s physical body, it does not necessarily cause long term health issues. The body’s system is a series of processes that allows the individual to identify and cope with the type, duration, frequency and intensity of the stressor (Weber Reynolds, 2004). When the body has been activated by stress, long term exposure, o r the inability to effectively deal with the exposure to stress, the chances for long term health concernsRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Body s Normal State1402 Words   |  6 PagesStress is the body’s reaction to internal or external stimuli that upset the body’s normal state. A stimulus that causes stress that can physical, mental, or emotional. The term stress is used to refer to both the body’s reaction and the stimuli that caused it. The body’s reaction to highly stressful situations is known as the flight or fight response. Under stressful circumstances, quantities of adrenaline, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that are released into the bloodstream. This stimulatesRead MoreNarrative Reflection Paper 11378 Words   |  6 Pageswould adapt to stress in a predictable manner, to maintain internal stability. The fight or flight response, is the body’s response, to combat stress in the fastest way possible. The body’s res ponse against stress is the basics of the General Adaptation Syndrome. The human body’s ability to maintain hemostasis during stress causes a rapid depletion of the body’s energy consequently will occur even faster during continuous stress. According to Wade Tavris, (2017), the Selye stress model GeneralRead MoreYour Bodys Response to Emergency Essay example699 Words   |  3 PagesYour Body’s Response to Emergency How does the body prepare for emergencies? The answer lies in the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS). It is the branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) that controls the body’s reaction to physical and emotional stressors.  The sympathetic branch activates the glands and organs that defend the body against attack. It is called the fight-or-flight response. This is a primitive response designed to protect from danger. When danger is perceived, the sympatheticRead MoreOverview of The Endocrine System713 Words   |  3 Pagesmechanisms and communication system within the group of endocrine glands will be discussed. Finally a malfunction of the adrenal glands will also be introduced to highlight how disease and illness can negatively impact the endocrine system and the human bodys means of healing. Role of the Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands, which are also called suprarenal glands, are small, triangular glands located on top of both kidneys. 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People perceive and manage stress in many different ways. The causes and effects of stress are numerous and one’s ability to manage stress is vital in maintaining healthy living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, stress is defined as an unpleasant stateRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Your Physical Health1212 Words   |  5 Pageshave all experienced stress at some point in our lives. It could be the deadline that is running closer and the boss that will not get off your case. It could be the double booked appointments or the loved one you just lost. It could also be that terrible car accident that happened ten years ago or being in the car while your daughter is driving for the first time. Stress is experienced when we feel there is no positive way out of our situation. We feel trapped or hopeless. Stress is also defined asRead MoreEffects Of Stress On The Body992 Words   |  4 PagesMemory performance can often be hijacked by a given load of stress on the body. Stress is both a versatile agent that disrupts the human body’s normal mental, physical, and emotional state, and the body’s natural reaction to change (Staal, 2004). The effects of this amorphous phenomenon have been studied from a number of angles including but not limited to stress-related sleep pattern disturbances, mood swings, attention spans, weight gain, long-term illnesses, and cognitive function. This reviewRead MoreStress And Its Effect On Stress Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology in my life, stress is; a group of behavioral, mental and physical processes occurring when events match or exceed the organism’s ability to respond in a healthy way. When we think about stress it comes across as something that’s only negative, but stress in moderation can be good. This type of stress is known as being acute stress, it’s good and bad stress. When frequently experiencing acute stress for long periods at a time it’s becomes a little more sever stress know as episodic. Although

Effect of Video Games on Kids Free Essays

Tessa Johnson Professor Harrison Composition II 2 October 2012 Effect of Video Games on Kids Growing up, playing outside was what I did for fun. Whether it was riding my bike, playing with friends, or swimming, I was outside for hours at a time every day. Today, kids have access to things like Xboxes, Playstations, and Nintendo DS. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Video Games on Kids or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a study conducted by Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh (2004) â€Å"adolescent girls played video games for an average of 5 hours a week, whereas boys averaged 13 hours a week. A survey done by Harris Interactive shows that 23 percent of youth have felt â€Å"addicted to video games. † Studies have shown that teenagers who play violent video games for extended periods of time tend to be more aggressive, are more prone to engage in fights and confrontations, and see a decline in academic success. (Gentile et al) In 2010, Robert Weis and Brittany Cerankosky conducted a study to see how video games affect academic success. They selected a group of boys who didn’t own video games and assigned them to one of two conditions: the â€Å"video games now† group got a game system immediately, and the â€Å"video games later† group didn’t receive their systems until months later. The researchers tracked the boys’ academic success at school. They found that the boys who got their game systems immediately spent less time on schoolwork and, 4 months later, they got lower reading and writing scores. This makes sense, since more time spent playing video games means less time studying. Also, the distraction of video games can cause kids to lose interest in their studies and cause them to fall behind. These results line up with another survey done by Cummings and Vandewater in 2007, which concluded that kids aged 10-19 who played video games spent 30% less time reading and 34% less time doing homework. (Cummings Vandewater) A 2009 Brigham Young University study found that as video game usage increased, the quality of relationships with others, including family, friends, and other peers, decreased. The BYU Study found that daily video game users were twice as likely to use drugs. They were three times as likely to use drugs over those who never played games. This doesn’t mean that all kids who play video games are going to go out and do drugs, but it certainly doesn’t help anything. If a child spends hours at a time playing video games, they will have no time to form relationships and socialize, not giving them the social skills they may need to succeed in the future. This can set them up for failure in job interviews, school, and in building solid relationships that are crucial to every teenager’s life. However, there are also many positive elements of video games. According to Chacha Tumbokon, a psychologist at De La Salle University, video games can give kids betters skills in areas such as following directions, problem solving and logic, and hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills. Often times the player is asked to follow commands or prompts in a video game in order to gain rewards or status, which aids with following directions. Also, when there is a challenge in a game, it doesn’t get solved easily; the player is often forced to work through many riddles or obstacles in order to succeed—another important life lesson for a child to learn. And lastly, video games require a great deal of hand-eye coordination. Often times games require the player to change viewpoints with one control, move with another control, and do actions (shooting, jumping, etc. ) with another control. This builds up hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills, which is a good workout for the brain. Another common aspect of games is resource management. There are often a limited number of resources (such as lives, power-ups, money, etc. ) that has to be managed in order to succeed in a game. This is another valuable lesson that many kids should learn in their lifetime. James Paul Gee, professor of education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says that playing a video game is similar to working through a science problem. There is a lot of trial and error involved, which teaches a child inductive reasoning and hypothesis testing, something that can be used in many areas of life. In conclusion, there are many positive and negative effects of video games. Psychologists suggest that parents monitor the games that are being played by their children and make sure the games aren’t affecting the child’s How to cite Effect of Video Games on Kids, Papers

Construction law and Legal Process

Question: Discuss about the Construction law and Legal Process. Answer: Tenderly refers to the process which is common business process for supplying to supply goods to other public or business sectors. In the basic instance, a supplier may seek for the job or send a letter stating why he should be provided with the business. The formal tenders apply to jobs which are bigger for the supply of the contract which is to be spread overtime. Works in public sectors very often involve the process of tendering; the government tenders are those which are related to the law of contract. The contract is based on the invitation to treat and also to submit the invitation offer, and if the offer is accepted, then it is called contract. There are no such kind of obligation that lies on the proprietor to accept a tender no matter even if it is a tender which is lowest has complied with all specific requirements. As it is known that contracts are formed based on the acceptance of any tender which is the reply to the invitation made to that tender (Chandler, 2015). In certain situations where there is no execution of formal contract then by that, the simple advice which is accepted by the tender constitutes the contract. It is quite important the terms, policy and conditions which are considered while an awarding contract is made for the tenders or else the tenders which are not successful can claim damages (Dyson and Ibbetson, 2013). Tender, as known, are used for documents, build process, tender and design. This method of constructing the management is the traditional method. It's important that legal inputs are to be used in the initial stages to define design parameters, which is the ultimate substantial based of a contractual documentation (Burrows et al. 2012). The "process contact" is that contract which governs those manners in which the trade is being executed. This is ultimately different to a particular contract because it helps in governing the original tender after it has been sought (Duffy and Field 2014). To establish the breach of contract the plaintiff must establish: There was existence of contract enforceable by law between two parties; There was a breach in the term of the contract by the defendant; There was a loss suffered by the plaintiff as there was a breach of contract by the defendant. Case Laws- Australian Development Corporation Pty Ltd v. White Construction Pty Ltd Ors (1996): There was written agreement between ADC and ACT on 25th of February 1987 in which there was mentioned a design construction of the three-story building for office, a car parking and a building of twenty stories for which price of $19,535,00 was fixed. On 29th of February 1988, ACT stood other workers down and also dismissed the crew crane, the unions were in demand of crew crane, but ACT refused. In August 1988, the contract was terminated, and ADC proceeded to court against ACT to claim damages for breach of contract. In the proceedings, it was stated by the court that WIL and ACT were to complete the contract. It was thus represented as the fact of an existing contract and was untrue and was held that misleading and deceive led to contravention of section 52 of the act (Simon, 2016). In this question, it is stated that one of the tenders further provides information after the tender is closed so it is the mere case claimed in tort. So we can state that the information was not provided by tender so it can be brought under the action of negligence in tort as the quotation which is provided is in the expressed form, but the information doesn't guarantee the submitted bids which are based on bidders self-determinations and investigations. Further we can sate that there are courts discretion of court may extend based on the good reason but the validity should be maximum of three months (Vadi, 2014). Case law- Dillingham Constructions Pty Ltd v Downs (1972) 2 NSWLR. The advantages regarding the disputes of alternative resolution quite inexpensive and also solve disputes very soon related to the business like that of fashion. About the information, it is made to the parties confidentially and not by prejudice, which, means whatever is said or rather which is agreed during the process of negotiation cannot later be in action as litigation. The disadvantages can be stated as that ADR is quite unsuccessful and parties can incur unnecessarily on the delay as well as cost as there was return in a system of court's litigation. There was an agreement between Seal Bay and ECL's board that the budget of $200 million but later ECL contracted with Seal Bay for 150 million and also said could deliver it on time, date was fixed on 1 December 2012 but failed to contract, but they decided to settle it among themselves following the rules of arbitration (Buchman, 2012). Case Laws- Mulley v Manifold (1959) 103 CLR 341. In this situation it can be stated that there must be a proper settlement between ECL's v Seal Bay as the dispute arouse regarding the law of contract as the date fixed for agreement has passed that is 1st of December 2012. As a project manager there must be a sitting with the Lawyer of the company and according to my opinion, it must be settled outside the court premises among the parties fixing another certain date. The project manager will act as mediator tosettle the dispute among the company. So we can sate that each of the parties gets equal opportunity to provide relevant evidence. The mediators can never act as a judge, but have to give the surety that the mediation will be in a smooth form and also constructive. Later when all the parties finishes producing their event version to draw a conclusion which will include all valuable points and won't support any unnecessary arguments. (Lien and Law, 2016). Case law- Fletcher Construction Australia Ltd v MPN Group Pty Ltd. Reference List: Buchman, L.B., 2012. French Arbitration Law Reform. YB on Int'l Arb., 2, p.95. Burrows, J.F., Todd, S.M. and Finn, J., 2012. Law of contract in New Zealand. LexisNexis NZ. Chandler, A., 2015. Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, USA. Duffy, J. and Field, R., 2014. Why ADR must be a mandatory subject in the law degree: A cheat sheet for the willing and a primer for the non-believer. Australasian Dispute Resolution Journal, 25(1), pp.9-19. Dyson, M. and Ibbetson, D.J. eds., 2013. Law and Legal Process:'The hypostasis of prophecy': legal realism and legal history Charles Donahue, Jr; 2. Chancery, the Justices and the making of new writs in thirteenth-century England Paul Brand; 3. Copulative complexities: the exception of adultery in medieval dower actions Gwen Seabourne; 4. Arbitration and the legal profession in late medieval England Anthony Musson; 5. Privileges and their application in the main English central courts in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Susanne Jenks; 6 .... Lien, M.E. and Law, J., 2016. 2 The Salmon Domus as a Site of Mediation. Animal Housing and HumanAnimal Relations: Politics, Practices and Infrastructures. Simon, J., 2016. 2016 INADR International Law School Mediation Tournament AWARDS Friday, March 11, 2016 (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University Chicago). Vadi, V., 2014. Cultural heritage in international investment law and arbitration. Cambridge University Press.

s Life

Looking deeper into the story This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff, we can see the impact of growing up with one parent and the effects of not having a father. Growing up without a father can cause several behavioral problems and have a long-term impact on a child’s life. In my essay I will look into the life of Tobias Wolff and point out numerous behavioral problems that may have arouse from his lack of a father. At age ten, Tobias moved with his mother Rosemary to escape her boyfriend and attempt to get rich on uranium, from that age Tobias was left without a father. Tobias was to enter into puberty, the physical maturity of a boy to a man, without a father to talk to. This led him to an understanding of women that came from his friends and had no true basis or regard for the way a man should treat a woman. This point is relevant on page 44, where Tobias sends letters of his love to Annette with content of â€Å"Inappropriate settlements and declarations.† I believe that Tobias lack of a father figure also resulted in him having a lack of discipline. This lack of discipline is extremely evident when we look at his performances during and after school. I think that had Tobias had a father figure he would not have partook in many of the delinquencies he performed in with his friends. Not to be overlooked is his constant want to â€Å"reinvent† himself. Without a father figure to mold his son and teach him as a man, we can see that Tobias was in constant thought about who he really was, and most of the time who he wanted to be. Finally I would like to talk about the role of Dwight in his life. Although Dwight, in my opinion, meant well in disciplining Tobias I feel that Dwight had a contrary effect on Tobias’ life. As Dwight attempted to be a father figure for Tobias, and instill discipline in him, Dwight seemed to be pushing him away more and more, instead of embracing him. This tended to drive Tobias toward acts of delin... 's Life Free Essays on This Boy\'s Life Looking deeper into the story This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff, we can see the impact of growing up with one parent and the effects of not having a father. Growing up without a father can cause several behavioral problems and have a long-term impact on a child’s life. In my essay I will look into the life of Tobias Wolff and point out numerous behavioral problems that may have arouse from his lack of a father. At age ten, Tobias moved with his mother Rosemary to escape her boyfriend and attempt to get rich on uranium, from that age Tobias was left without a father. Tobias was to enter into puberty, the physical maturity of a boy to a man, without a father to talk to. This led him to an understanding of women that came from his friends and had no true basis or regard for the way a man should treat a woman. This point is relevant on page 44, where Tobias sends letters of his love to Annette with content of â€Å"Inappropriate settlements and declarations.† I believe that Tobias lack of a father figure also resulted in him having a lack of discipline. This lack of discipline is extremely evident when we look at his performances during and after school. I think that had Tobias had a father figure he would not have partook in many of the delinquencies he performed in with his friends. Not to be overlooked is his constant want to â€Å"reinvent† himself. Without a father figure to mold his son and teach him as a man, we can see that Tobias was in constant thought about who he really was, and most of the time who he wanted to be. Finally I would like to talk about the role of Dwight in his life. Although Dwight, in my opinion, meant well in disciplining Tobias I feel that Dwight had a contrary effect on Tobias’ life. As Dwight attempted to be a father figure for Tobias, and instill discipline in him, Dwight seemed to be pushing him away more and more, instead of embracing him. This tended to drive Tobias toward acts of delin...

Hollywoods Latest Flop The newest innovation is an internet based service called Movielink Essay Example

Hollywoods Latest Flop The newest innovation is an internet based service called Movielink Essay Example Hollywoods Latest Flop The newest innovation is an internet based service called Movielink Essay Hollywoods Latest Flop The newest innovation is an internet based service called Movielink Essay It is no mystery why CD sales have dropped so significantly in recent years. Through P2P (person to person) networks such as Morpheus, Napster, and Kazaa, there is no reason to buy a CD when one can just download it for free. Movie studio executives fear they are next in this wave of digital sharing. The newest innovation is an Internet-based service called MovieLink. MovieLink is a service that enables customers to rent and download movies to a PC. It was basically designed to inhibit people from pirating movies. The prices range from $1.99-$5.45. There are many problems with this service. The user interface is arranged in a very odd manner, with movies under genre headings, such as romance and action. That is the only method to find movies as well. There is no search button. It can be inferred that most of the five studios that are running MovieLink do not know what they are doing. Also, the movie files are very tedious to download. Movies are almost 1 GB (gigabyte) big, and even with a DSL line or cable line, it still takes an extremely long time to download. Another problem is that the movies expire very quickly. A customer may only have a movie for a day before it expires. This is very frustrating since it takes around 5 hours to download a movie via DSL. In addition, MovieLink has an awful help service that only worsens the already awful appeal of its confusing user interface. All in all, MovieLink is a very unappealing service that is sure to fail quickly. At first, MovieLink will seem interesting to many consumers. New technology always grasps the consumers at first and the demand curve and supply curve of MovieLink will increase, moving to the left and to the right, respectively. In the long run, however, consumers will become discouraged due to the confusing nature of the program. They will turn to more reliable substitute sources, such as In Demand movies on TV, movie rental stores such as Blockbuster, or even the P2P networks. In a world of piracy, MovieLink, for now, is the best form of combat that movie studios can afford. With easier accessibility and speed, it may stand a slim chance of surviving. Eventually, however, movie studios will have no choice but to accept that piracy will always exist and there is nothing they can do to change that.

ANALYSIS OF TWO OPPOSITE LEGAL OPINIONS (FATWAS) ON THE SAME ISSUE Essay

ANALYSIS OF TWO OPPOSITE LEGAL OPINIONS (FATWAS) ON THE SAME ISSUE - Essay Example 15) presented to them for clarification by the faithful. Ali Khan (2006a, p. 202) refer to them as scholarly decrees which may have substantial explanations and reasoning behind them or be simply statements addressing the issue at hand (Cornell 2007, p. 154) as opinions. Cornell avers that such scholars extract their verdicts from the Quran, the Sunnah which is anything approved of by Prophet Mohammad, through creation of consensus among themselves or through the use of Ijtihad, which basically means personal, logical reasoning on the part of a scholar. Often times, different fatwas are issued on the same topic. The explanation for this may be that the each of the fatwas is offered with regard to different geographical or historical settings (Khan 2006b, p. 16). Christian Snouck (quoted in Petersen 1997, p. 11) asserts that another cause of the contradictions in fatwas is fictitious verdicts that are not requested by the laity addressing invented questions, mostly issued for rivalry purposes as illustrated abundance of various ideological standpoints in the twentieth century (Petersen 1997, p. 28). Notwithstanding the context, only one ruling can be right at a time (Khan 2006b, p. 17). In line with this argument, Dr. Sano Koutoub Moustapha (Different Fatwas, 2015), responding to a query on handling contradictory rulings, finds that differences are normal since scholars have differing methodology and principles. He notes that Islam does not compel following of Ijtihad, but that fatwas must be issued by qualified scholars. Muslims are allowed to choose opinions pertinent to them, with stronger foundations or exercise their own judgement. According to Dr. Moustapha, all verdicts are acceptable (Different Fatwas, 2015). Shaykh Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid reiterates that only knowledgeable persons can give fatwas which should be based on a proper evidential foundation (Islamqa.info 2015). It is well established that some foods, for instance,

Banking Concept of Education Paulo Freire Essay

Banking Concept of Education Paulo Freire - Essay Example Freire demonstrates that the banking concept is considered by oppressors to be the most suitable method of imparting knowledge on learners. The banking concept is where knowledge is deposited the same as how money is deposited in a bank. Therefore the application of the banking system of education makes students to be treated as if they are empty vessels which need to be filled with knowledge (Paulo 319). The teacher is the subject in the banking method of education while the student is the subject. This shows a relationship between the teacher and the student where the teacher narrates knowledge with the student being expected to be the listening objects. Paul Freire is opposed to the banking education because it is makes education petrifying and lifeless due to the narration process through which students are expected to learn (Mejia 63). The narration which characterizes the banking education involves teachers filling information or content to students. In this method of education , students are disconnected and detached from reality because they may not find the narrated content to be significant. The students are thus made to memorize content without attaching any importance to it. On the other hand, the problem posing method of education involves both the teacher and the student in solving problems during learning. The teacher and the student therefore work together and hence both play equal roles in the process of knowledge acquisition without the student being the object into which information is filled. The student is enabled to engage in the learning process and thus making the problem posing method of education realistic because students are able to engage with the reality of the content being learned. Unlike the oppressive banking method of education, the problem posing approach enables learners to act as thinking beings

Muckrakers in US Politics and Journalism

Muckrakers in US Politics and Journalism Janet Hopkins By definition Muckrakers was the name given to US journalists and other writers who exposed corruption in politics and business in the early 20th century. The term was first used by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. Typically these journalists Muckrakers attacked established institutions, businesses, and leaders. In modern day it would be called investigative journalism. It is said that muckrakers and their intrepid reporting style had opened the eyes of many readers to the unknown harsh side of industrial capitalism. (Perry, 2004) Muckrakers were to some named heroes. (It may be a clichà ©, but it was all too true for journalists at the turn of the century. The print revolution enabled publications to increase their subscriptions dramatically. What appeared in print was now more powerful than ever. Writing to Congress in hopes of correcting abuses was slow and often produced zero results. Publishing a series of articles had a much more immediate impact. Collectively called MUCKRAKERS, a brave cadre of reporters exposed injustices so grave they made the blood of the average American run cold.) (unknown, 2008-2016) Muckrakers effected business and politics in ways no one could have imagined. They wrote stories and investigated to blow the top off what some would call scandals and secrets. They called out people and businesses for fraud and corruption. (The first to strike was Lincoln Steffens. In 1902, he published an article in MCCLURES magazine called TWEED DAYS IN ST. LOUIS. Steffens exposed how city officials worked in league with big business to maintain power while corrupting the public treasury. ) (unknown, 2008-2016) After the publication from Lincoln Steffens more and more journalists published articles and even a book to follow. Soon public outcry demanded reform of city government and gave strength to the progressive ideas of a city commission or city manager system. (unknown, 2008-2016) There is one Muckraker that stands out from the others due to the stir he made with his publication THE JUNGLE. Upton Sinclair, an avowed socialist who hoped to illustrate the horrible effects of capitalism on the workers in the Chicago meatpacking industry. (unknown, 2008-2016) (The book detailed workers sacrificing their fingers and nails by working with acid, losing limbs, catching diseases, and toiling long hours in cold, cramped conditions. He hoped the public outcry would be so fierce that reforms would soon follow.) (unknown, 2008-2016) (Sinclair also uncovered the contents of the products being sold to the general public. Spoiled meat was covered with chemicals to hide the smell. Skin, hair, stomach, ears, and nose were ground up and packaged as head cheese. Rats climbed over warehouse meat, leaving piles of excrement behind. Sinclair said that he aimed for Americas heart and instead hit its stomach. Even President Roosevelt, who coined the derisive term muckraker, was propel led to act. Within months, Congress passed the PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT and the MEAT INSPECTION ACT to curb these sickening abuses.) (unknown, 2008-2016) As you can imagine this affected businesses, politics, and citizens in a negative way. By the time the muckrakers were through, no one could doubt the reality of corruption between business and government was a historical fact. Not a single person could doubt the terrible consequences of this system for human lives in a time of untrammeled corporate greed. (Oppenheimer, 2017) The Muckrakers goal was to uncover such things as bribery, political corruption, fraud, and anything wrong with the government. Things the people of these cities should be aware of or know about that are kept secret by our leader or people in a seat of power. Muckrakers targeted many turn-of-the-century injustices brought on by the large increase of immigrants, the rapid growth of the cities, unregulated big business and the influence of political machines, as well as many other social problems. (Click, 2003-2017) The muckrakers exposed corruption in business, including unfair trusts, insurance fraud and dangers of patent medicines, were exposed. Muckrakers also criticized abuses of power in politics and government. (Click, 2003-2017) In most cases, muckraking articles took on a very serious nature. Magazine editors would often go to great lengths to check the facts as they were reported in their publications. Some muckrakers even lived in the slums they wrote about or worked in the factories they investigated. The factual nature of the muckrakers articles leant credibility to the message the authors were sending to the American readers. (Click, 2003-2017) Muckrakers are still around today you really just dont here that term too much. In the progressive era muckrakers exposed so much and did what they could to inform the people of America. We still see that today on news channels, in papers, even on social media such as Facebook. Just this past election things were exposed like scandals, and fake votes or votes being changed. We see and hear it all around us. That is why these people weather called muckrakers or just investigative journalists are sometimes named heroes. People of America need to know the truth about stuff. We need to know the corrupt horrids of our society so we can be cautious. If it wasnt for them we would all be blind to things around us. References Click, L. (2003-2017). The Muckrakers of the Progressive Era: Definition and Influence. Retrieved from study.com: http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-muckrakers-of-the-progressive-era-definition-and-influence.html Oppenheimer, M. (2017). The Rise and Fall of the Muckrakers. Retrieved from New Politics: http://newpol.org/content/rise-and-fall-muckrakers Perry, E. L. (2004). Exposes and excess: Muckraking in america, 1900/2000. Retrieved from proquest: https://search.proquest.com/docview/205353999?accountid=10435 unknown. (2008-2016). muckrakers. Retrieved from us history: http://www.ushistory.org/us/42b.asp

Adversity and What We Gain From It :: Personal Narratives Sports Medicine Essays

Adversity and What We Gain From It In all parts of life there are periods of adversity that we must face, the real challenge however, is what and how we gain from conquering those trials. There have been many times that I have been faced with adversity, it has happened in all aspects of my life at one time or another. Whether it is dealing with the ups and downs of hockey or balancing the pressure that comes with an elite hockey schedule and high school, there are always obstacles. Some of these challenges can bring about positive effects that influence the path of one’s life. In one such experience of mine, the amount of adversity was not near as great as the positive out come that came from my experience. It happened when I was thirteen, I suffered a hockey injury that helped me to realize the area I wanted to study and hopefully have career in. The time it took me to rehabilitate my shoulder was a time of great learning for me but it also came with a great deal of adversity. It was an injury that sidelined me for weeks while at the same time pushed me on my way to a new work ethic and a new enthusiasm for learning. When I was in grade seven, I was playing my second year of peewee hockey and playing for my junior high school team as well. The junior high league allowed checking and the peewee league did not. Because of this I was not accustomed to the new aspect of hockey brought on by checking. I was injured in an intense game against our rival junior high, which was filled with plenty of checking. I was on the receiving end of a brutal check from behind which is something not permitted in any league, the player that hit me received a penalty and a game expulsion. I tried to continue playing but it was no use, I was barely able to raise my arm. I ended up in the hospital where the doctor informed me that I had severely dislocated my left shoulder and would have to miss up to three weeks of play. I had never been forced to miss hockey because of an injury before and it was the worst news I had ever heard. The time I missed from hockey was one of the most difficult periods I had been through up t o that point.

National Push for Accountability in Schools

The pace of change dictates that schools should provide high quality learning standards to students. It requires that the school system should improve their learning approaches to enhance academic achievements of students. In this connection policymakers at the federal, state, and local levels have worked to increase accountability of the school system on the premise that the same plays a vital role in improving learning standards of students and society as well. This then pave the way to the recognition of evaluation of school performance to improve standards of learning and achievements of students.The system of accountability requires schools to define what students should know and be able to do and to measure progress and gaps in students’ achievement. It facilitates the attainment of the desired education standards anchored on quality content and high learning standards. Developing appropriate content and student achievement standards are accordingly important part of sho wing policymakers and the public a return on their educational investment. However, accountability of schools for students learning and achievement is impossible without a clear, focused road map on the achievement standards and what and how well students are to learn from kindergarten through graduation.Many states have developed content and achievement standards without involving stakeholders and teachers. They also have not considered how their standards are to be implemented, measured and tied to accountability. Developing content and student achievement standards without considerable contribution and input from a variety of sources is fatal as there is no sense of ownership as well as responsibility from the stakeholders and agencies not represented. The standards set are then viewed as bias and one-sided thereby defeating its purpose and rendering weak implementation of the system.Accountability system utilizes results from standardized tests to evaluate performance of student s and schools, and provide sanctions, rewards or interventions for schools, educators or students. This system involves consistent monitoring and evaluation of the students’ and schools’ performance that it requires active participation of the educators, parents, stakeholders, and policy makers. The ripple effect of the system requires that these concerned people and stakeholders should be consistently committed to the purpose, implementation, and evaluation in order to keep track of students and schools’ performance and eventually facilitate desired continuous improvement of schools’ performance standards.According to Kate Nolan (2002), â€Å"it is not enough to believe that all children can learn. All elements of the system must be held accountable for the success of all children†.   The effect of the accountability system in school is all encompassing that Kate Nolan further noted that, â€Å"the improvement in school performance requires imp rovement in all stakeholders’ performance†. Thus change in the system should not be an isolated case for the school sector but also on the part of the stakeholders as accountability requires their active participation and commitment for the system to work.It is noted that the accountability system is designed to be a tool for instituting changes in schools that would positively benefit the students, parents, community and the country in general. This system provides opportunities and avenues for joint effort of all people and agencies concerned to raise the standards of the education system thereby improving school performance and learning of the students. The intention of the program is indeed noble and reflects an effort to bring education system to respond to the fast changing demands of the learning community, yet a lot of areas need thorough consideration and re-evaluation.According to Chuch Poochigian, â€Å"the education system reforms undertaken in the past yea rs have greatly enhanced the ability of the parents to monitor the performance of their children as well as of the school where they are enrolled, however, the only way that the drive for accountability in education will be truly successful is if parents utilize the new tools offered to them to ensure that their children receive quality education.† This statement should give one an idea that accountability should not be limited to the school sector only.According to Douglas B. Reeves (2002), â€Å"accountability must be viewed in a different way. It must consider and address the issues in congruence of the objectives and the strategies, specificity, relevance, respect for diversity, continuous improvement, and focus on achievement, not norms.† Accountability system is highly complex and involves a range of interconnected issues and design as well as technical issues on the implementation and evaluation aspect that needs further thorough study and reconsideration.Also it must be noted that no matter how enlightened or elegant the assessment devices, if the focus is limited to gathering and reporting data rather than skillful use of those data for learning and achievement enhancement of students, little improvement to school performance will result. Thus, the best way to know whether an accountability system is working is to see whether the school system it accounts for is moving from where it was to where it wants to be. From its first implementation, an accountability system requires not only internal implementation but also external monitoring.Indeed the national push for accountability dignifies the need to improve standards of school performance and would greatly benefit the students but the approach is insufficient and has undesirable side effects. Schools do not per se reject accountability as the same is an intrinsic responsibility, but an authentic approach to accountability must be formulated. A new set of principles must be created to gui de the reconstruction of accountability systems to better meet the needs of education and students, and to avoid the dangers often associated with current accountability systems. Further, collaboration and supportive effort of the school, stakeholders and policymakers must be promoted.Reference ListNolan, K. (2002). Excerpts from using accountability to build strong schools. EducationCommission of States. Retrieved February 20, 2007 from http://www.ecs.orgPoochigian, C. School accountability reforms. Retrieved February 23, 2007 fromhttp://www.reasons.org/pb34.pdf.Reeves, D. (2002). Accountability based-reforms should lead to a better teaching andlearning-period. Harvard Education System. Retrieved February 20, 2007 fromhttp://www.edletter.org/past/issues2002-ma/reeves.shtml.

The Effect Of Advertising On The Brain Essay - 1804 Words

Finding our way around town can sometimes be difficult, that is why the GPS was such an efficient item to have in an automobile. But what happens when we aren’t able to trust our GPS? Leaving the house, and plugging in the address to your favorite McDonalds and in turn being lead to a Wendy’s. This is very similar to the effect advertisements have on the brain. Marketers use the term â€Å"intercept† when they discuss making contact with their audience; they intercept our own thoughts and swap them out with their own. Advertising has become so effective that there isn’t really a limit to how much companies will pay for their advertising. Ten years ago Google swooped up YouTube for the small price of one point six five billion dollars. The question is, why would Google pay so much for a company that is just starting up? Google understood how effective of an advertisement tool YouTube would be in the near future. This is a perfect example of how marketers are not afraid to spend money in order to make money, and they know that they will make money because of how effective their advertisements are. Malicious advertising strategies have become so effective that they can influence our thinking process. Our money is the fuel big businesses run on, without it they would surly die. In a world where a product’s uniqueness spans only a few months, each product must seem unique and different without being either. So, marketers stopped trying to sell us a product and began to sell usShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Danger of Subliminal Advertising1438 Words   |  6 Pagesand even Spam mail have become a daily part of the lives of many citizens. However, most people do not realize the sinister methods advertisers and corporations employ with the media in order to obtain a profit. The use of subliminal and negative advertising has increased immensely and shows no plan of stopping anytime soon. 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With kids interacting freely they can come across predation. Furthermore, â€Å"some predators have an objective of enticing young people into sending inappropriate webcam photos of themselves or to engage in sexually explicit conversations† (Sexton and English 2). Kids are the easiest to manipulateRead MoreEssay about In what ways does advertising effect young people?650 Words   |  3 PagesWe can see advertising everywhere around us, in the streets, television, magazine and radio. Currently most companies are finding different ways to sell their products. Advertising expert try to appeal to young peoples needs and feeling making their product attractive and desirable. As a result this affects young people to drink alcohol and eat junk food. This essay will explain that advertising increases young peoples obesity and encourages them to drink alcohol. 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Singapore Airlines- A Strategic Re-look - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 7034 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction SIA traced its roots to an organization called Malayan Airways that offered its first commercial passenger service in May 1947.Today, SIA is Singapores best-known company, and rated consistently as Asias most admired company(Asian Business, 1997,p. 24). Its smiling, willowy cabin attendant, outfitted in tight batik sarong kebaya designed by renowned fashion house Pierre Balmain, and marketed as the Singapore Girl, is now a well-known international service icon. In 1994, the year she celebrated her 21st birthday, the Singapore Girl became the first commercial figure to be displayed at the famed Madame Tussauds Museum in London. Madame Tussauds had unveiled the waxwork of the SIAs global marketing icon that year to reflect the ever-growing popularity of international travel. SIA is widely reckoned by those in the airline industry, travellers as well as its competitors, as one of the very best airlines in the world, judging from the numerous industry awards it has won. According to the Business Traveller Asia Pacific, SIA has become the standard by which all other international airlines are judged (Business Traveller Asia Pacific, 1997a, p. 3). SIA also consistently leads the industry in profitability and rides through rough and turbulent times much better than most of its rivals. It has had an impressive and continuous profit streak since it took to the skies some 25 years ago; a track record almost unheard of in the brutally cyclical airline industry (Asian Business Review, 1996, p. 34). On 1 May 1997, SIA turned 50 and celebrated its Golden Jubilee Anniversary in grand style. It was a far cry from its humble beginnings in 1947 when it started life as part of Malayan Airways. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Singapore Airlines- A Strategic Re-look" essay for you Create order The International Airline Industry The airline industry had traditionally remained fragmented primarily due to the limiting effects of national and international regulations. Enforced in the form of landing rights and associated competitive constraints, even large airline companies had only been able to develop dominance over their own regional markets at best. With the exception of the United States, dominant national flag carriers, typically owned by the national governments, had remained the only international representatives of their countries. However, the competitive dynamics in this industry had started to change dramatically in recent years. Deregulation, privatization, and the advent of new technologies have started to reshape the industry on a global level. The United States deregulated its airlines in 1978 and had since witnessed heightened competition and aggressive jockeying for market position. Europe entered the throes of a similar escalation of competition following the creation of the European Union a nd the disbanding of country-specific barriers to free market competition among air carriers. In Asia, deregulation occurred in fits and starts with some major regions allowing greater access to foreign carriers. For example, India, a regional market of some significance, announced that it would privatize its state-owned airline company. It had already allowed its traditionally domestic airline to compete against its international air carrier in many of the regional markets comprising neighboring countries. Japan made major strides in deregulation after selling off its shares in the then state-owned Japan Airlines and permitted All Nippon Airways to serve international markets. In Latin America, many of the smaller national flag carriers were privatized. Countries such as Mexico and Argentina infused significant levels of market competition in their airline industries by removing anti-competitive barriers and privatizing their national airlines Mexicana and Aerolineas Argentinas. The trend seemed certain to gain further momentum and open skies might be closer to reality than ever before. The major European nations were already in discussions with the United States to implement an open Trans-Atlantic market area where landing rights would be determined by free market forces rather than regulatory policy. Open skies agreements are bilateral agreements between countries that agree to provide landing and take-off facilities for air carriers originating in any of the partner countries. Such an agreement does not have the typical restrictions related to landing rights that are determined on a city-pair basis. For example, Singapore and the U.S. had signed an open skies agreement under which a Singapore carrier could travel to any destinati on city in the U.S. and vice versa. The twin trends of privatization and deregulation resulted in an increasingly global approach to strategic positioning in this industry. Although most large carriers still retained their regional dominance, many forged alliances with other leading carriers to offer seamless services across wider geographic areas. These alliances made most of the larger airline companies de facto global organizations. With increasing geographic reach and decreasing regulatory barriers, many of the regions were witnessing acute competition often in the form of fare wars. Consumers in general became much more price sensitive than ever before. In attempting to keep up with the competition, many carriers upgraded their service offerings contributing to declining yields in a price-conscious market. Chronic excess capacity worldwide only exacerbated this situation. Not surprisingly, there was a decline in passenger revenue yield in all geographic regions and the airlines were fighting an uphill battle to ex tract higher levels of efficiencies from their operating structures. For example, passenger yield dropped by 1.9% and 2.5% in 1998 and 1999, respectively, in Europe and 0.8% and 1.5% in North America during the same period. The drop was far more geographic region-wise summary of key trends in passenger traffic, growth potential, and major players follows. (Source: Annual Reports and HSBC Research.) Asia-Pacific Region By 1999, traffic in the Asian region had become quite important to the overall success of the air transportation industry. Collectively, this region represented 24% of worldwide revenue passenger kilometers. The ICAO estimated that the Asia-Pacific region had grown annually by 9.7% over the last ten years. This upward trend was expected to continue albeit at slightly lower levels, moderating between 6%-7% until 2001. Trans-Pacific traffic was expected to grow at 6.6% and intra-Asia-Pacific traffic by 5%. Some analysts predicted that Asia would play a key role in over half of the top twenty international markets ranked in terms of revenue passenger miles by 2002 The aviation market in Asia, while similar to Europe of the pre-EU era, did indeed have some dominant players. Japan Airlines and Singapore Airlines were the clear leaders and together accounted for 40% of the market share. The second tier included Cathay Pacific, Thai, and Korean Air, which comprised 33% of the market. Asian carriers in general had significantly lower operating costs compared to their American and European counterparts. For example, in 1998, according to Warburg, Dillon Read, personnel costs for North American carriers accounted for approximately 32% of total revenues. For European carriers, it was 21%. However, for the Asia-Pacific carriers, it was only 17%. Most of the Asian carriers also had much higher labor productivity levels and lower unit labor costs than airlines in North America or Europe. This location-specific advantage was a primary reason why carriers from other regions were setting up significant hub operations in the Asia-Pacific region. While the y ields for many carriers such as China Airlines, Korean Air, Thai, and Malaysian, the second and third tier competitors, were much lower than international levels, the top tier carriers such as Japan Airlines, and Singapore Airlines had yields consistent with their North American and European counterparts. The avenues for differentiating airline services in this region were shrinking. The elite carriers who had built a reputation for superlative service such as Singapore Airlines were now facing stiff competition from carriers such as Thai Airways and Cathay Pacific who had geared to deliver similar services. Thus, differentiation was becoming much more demanding and difficult to sustain Singapore International Airlines: Country and Company History and Culture of Singapore Singapore had witnessed bountiful growth and become the envy of many neighboring countries as it entered the new 21st century. Its per capita GNP increased by a phenomenal 75% between 1990 and 1999 and currently stood at S$39,724. This meteoric rise could be directly traced to Mr. Lee Kuan Yew, the most powerful Prime Minister in Singapores history. He was able to tap the patriotic spirit of his people when he announced his intent to develop Singapore to rival Switzerland in terms of standard of living. His emphasis on superior education standards, a controlled labor environment, significant outlays for training and development, all helped to enhance the quality of human capital. At the end of 1999, Singapore boasted a literacy rate of 93%, among the highest in the region. Singapores Confucian work ethic dovetailed very well with his ambitions. It emphasized responsibilities over rights and placed enormous value on attributes such as hospitality, caring and service. As a result of th ese efforts, Singapore, today ranked among the best countries in terms of human capital and was often rated among the worlds friendliest places to do business. Rising standards of living meant higher wages .Coupled with the small size of the local population and a very low unemployment rate (3.2% in 1998), the availability of labor was seen as a potential stumbling block in the drive toward further growth. Many of the larger companies already depended on a sizable number of expatriates from neighboring countries as well as the West to staff positions. A staunch believer in free trade and internally driven growth, Mr. Yew made it clear from the start that the world does not owe Singapore a living. For example, in the air transportation sector, Mr. Yews government declared that SIA, although the national carrier, would not receive any subsidies, protection, financial assistance, or economic benefits from the government. It would have to sink or swim based on its own resources and ingenuity. Singapore literally adopted a free skies approach whereby foreign flag carriers from other countries were welcome to serve the city-state without any restrictions. This meant heightened competition for SIA right from the start. However, the free market philosophy also resulted in sharper rates of market growth. For example, roughly 35% of the equity base of Singapore was foreign in origin, and foreign investors owned 17% of all companies in the country, both testaments to the successful programs that attracted foreign capital and commerce to the island nation. The tourism industry played a very significant role in the overall development of the country. Handicapped by the small size and the lack of natural resources, Singapore had to rely on service industries such as tourism and finance to generate growth. It had always enjoyed an enviable status as an important geographic hub dating back to the pre-British Colonization era. During its history as a British colony, Singapore provided an important stop-off point for travelers from Europe and Britain to the outlying colonies of Australia and New Zealand. Building on this historical reputation, Singapore evolved into an important Asian tourist hub The common origin and shared history of SIA and MAS In 1947, Malayan Airways was established and operated services between Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Ipoh and Penang, using its fleet of twin-engined Airspeed Consuls. In May that year, when Malayan Airways first took to the skies, there were only five passengers onboard its twin-engined Airspeed Consul. With the flight crew having to attend to the flying of the plane, passengers had to help themselves with the only refreshment available onboard then a flask of iced water. In 1963, it was renamed Malaysian Airways Limited. In 1966, both the Malaysian and Singapore Governments acquired joint majority control. The following year, it was renamed Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA) Limited. On 26 January 1971, both the Malaysian and Singapore Governments agreed to set up separate national airlines, and on 1 October 1972, Malaysia-Singapore Airlines ceased operations. In its place, Singapore Airlines (SIA) and Malaysian Airlines System (MAS) took to the skies. SIAs initial growth and expansion The split of MSA on 1 October 1972 saw MAS taking over all the domestic routes while SIA took over the international network and all the Boeing jets in the MSA fleet .SIA was government-owned, and the Singapore Government viewed the airline as an investment in a portfolio held by the republic. Although SIA was a state-owned enterprise, it paid taxes, like any other company in Singapore, and was expected to be competitive and profitable. Without any domestic routes to monopolise, SIA had to strategise to survive. Soon after the split, SIA embarked on an aggressive growth and aircraft and equipment acquisition programme. It acquired Boeing 747 Jumbo Jets, which went into service in 1973. In that same year, subsidiary Singapore Airport Terminal Services Ltd (SATS) was set up to provide ground services. In 1977, in conjunction with BA, it introduced the supersonic Concorde on the London- Bahrain-Singapore route. The maiden flight was on 10 December 1977. After three flights, however, disputes over airspace delayed regular Concorde service until early 1979. On 1 November 1980, the SIA/BA joint Concorde service between Singapore, Bahrain and London was, however, terminated. SIA began cargo service from Singapore to San Francisco via Hong Kong, Guam and Honolulu in 1978. Passenger service on the route commenced the following year. In 1979, SIA took the unprecedented action of trading in the B-747s purchased just a few years earlier for more advanced, fuel-efficient versions of the same aircraft while simultaneously expanding the fleet in a record-setting S$2.1 billion order with Boeing Aircraft. By 1979, it became the ninth largest airline in the world, up from the 57th position prior to the parting of ways with MAS, achieved on the back of a continuous average annual growth rate of 46 percent over its initial seven-year period (Harvard Business School, 1989b). SIA shares were listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange on 18 December 1985, and a new corporate identity was unveiled on 28 April 1987. On 14 December 1989, SIA concluded a major world-wide alliance with SwissAir and Delta Airlines, covering wide-ranging co-operation and eventual exchange of equity. An MOU with Cathay Pacific Airways and Malaysia Airlines was signed on 22 December 1992 to form a joint venture to develop and operate a frequent flyer programme. Passages,the frequent flyer programme, was officially launched on 1 July 1993. On 22 June 1994, SIA placed a US$10.3 billion order for 22 Megatop 747s and 30 Airbus 340-300E aircraft. The following year, on 14 November 1995, it ordered 77 B777 aircraft powered by Rolls-Royce Trent engines worth US$12.7 billion, including spares and spare engines. SIA turned 50 on 1 May 1997. It had by then grown into a diversified group, totally transformed from its humble beginnings 50 years ago. On 7 May 1997, less than a week following its 50th birthday, it took delivery of its first Jubilee B777-200, which touched down at Changi Airport. Symbolically, this ushered in another new and challenging era for SIA. The power of an idea: a most successful product/service differentiation strategy Within a year of the launch of SIA following the split of MSA on 1 October 1972, SIA began looking for new ways to differentiate itself. In 1973, SIA had in its service, some of the worlds most modern aircraft. Its maintenance operations were generally recognised to be on a par with those of the worlds major airlines. All its pilots and engineers were proficient and experienced, as there were no restraints from the unions on hiring Western crew members if SIA thought they were better. The product/service differentiation strategy that SIA finally decided upon was based on in-flight service. The strategy, as summarised by its then SIAs advertising manager, who later became its manager of in-flight services, was: What we needed was a unique selling proposition. Happily, we found it. Or perhaps I should say we found her, because the Singapore Girl has become synonymous with Singapore Airlines. SIA is an Asian airline, and Asia has a long tradition of gentle, courteous service. The Asian woman does not feel she is demeaning herself by fulfilling the role of the gracious, charming and helpful hostess. What we hope to do is translate that tradition of service into an in-flight reality (Harvard Business School, 1989b). SIA was thus strategically positioned in the premium service, quality and value market segment of the international airline industry. SIA capitalised on Oriental charm with stewardesses of Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Eurasian ethnic backgrounds. By 1997, this resource pool within Singapore had, however, expanded to include Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Taiwan, China, Japan and Korea. In 1997, a third of its 5,800-strong cabin crew were non- Singaporeans (The Sunday Times, 1997a, p. 3) SIA stewardesses were costumed in a specially designed version of the graceful Malay sarong kebaya, designed by renowned fashion house, Pierre Balmain. Passengers were treated to some of the best food on any airline, which is served with lots of warm smiles, warm towels, and attention to details. It provided first-class, business-class and economy-class passengers with cocktails, fine wines, and in-flight motion pictures at no extra charge. Since its inception, SIA has always subscribed to a policy that once a passenger pays for his or her ticket, there should be no more charges on the aeroplane. SIA now spend S$20 million a year on wines, with about 60 to 80 bottles of wine consumed per flight. International consultants who specialise in French, American and Australian wines are contracted to do wine-tasting twice a year for SIA, and they advise the airline on what to buy for its first, business and economy class passengers (Straits Times, 1997a, p. 22). According to SIA, the airlin e even receives letters from passengers asking for the names of wines that they took on SIA flights, with some asking where they can buy them (Straits Times, 1997a, p. 22). Service became the raison detre for SIA, and at the heart of its service reputation was the Singapore Girl. Slogans like A standard of service that even other airlines talk about and SIA: you are a great way to fly were used regularly in its marketing. SIA has always been of the view that the key to its success was its value or quality for the money. SIAs corporate philosophy of the airline industry since the late 1980s is best summed up by: The airline industry is, by its very nature, a service industry. In a free market, the success or failure of an individual airline is largely dictated by the quality of the service it provides (Joseph Pillay, Chairman SIA, Harvard Business School, 1989b). Most had to confront the apparent contradiction between cutting costs and prices, on the one hand, and maintaining customer focus and delivering customer service, on the other. It was a challenge many found most difficult. Into the 1990s SIA had developed a very strong market position. While keeping an eye on costs, its quality and service-enhancement strategy allowed it to command a relative market price premium position through premium service, value and quality. Its enviable position can be summed up as follows: If others resort to cutting fares, we can certainly do the same and we have a far better financial strength to cut fares and last longer than anyone else. But we ask ourselves first whether it is necessary to do that . . . So far, we have no need to do that (S. Dhanabalan, Chairman SIA, 1997, The Sunday Times, 1997b, p. 32). On competition, S. Dhanabalan reiterated SIAs long-standing strategy: Strong competition is not new to SIA. Every now and then, some airline, in an attempt to gain market share, will resort to senseless heavy discounting. It is a short term phenomenon. We take such competition in our stride (The Sunday Times, 1997b, p. 32) The Singapore Girl, the idealised version of the SIA cabin attendant, was the centrepiece in SIAs marketing strategy. Very high-quality photography was used in SIAs advertisements, and the Singapore Girl was always the central feature of the advertisements. The advertisements portrayed her in a number of settings and used a variety of themes to good effect. The Singapore Girl strategy proved to be a powerful idea and turned out to be a phenomenal success. International Research Associates (INRA), a firm which conducted surveys (covering the area of advertising recall) in the Asia Pacific area triennially, found that SIAs advertising enjoyed steady increases in unaided recall in the three successive INRA surveys in advertisement recall it conducted in 1973, 1976 and 1979. The SIA advertisement recall was 21 percent in 1973. It rose up to 32 percent in 1976, and shot up to 50 percent in.The average advertising recall of about 40 airlines studied over the same time period was only 9.6 percent (Harvard Business School, 1989b). SIAs market research up to 1997 continues to attest to this: Around the world the Singapore Girl remains a very positive marketing icon. She evokes the very best in Asian charm and hospitality (Director, Market Research, SIA, The Sunday Times, 1997a, p. 3). Although there were initial protests in some Western quarters in what was perceived to be sexist overtones in the advertisements, not everyone took offence at the advertising image. In a 1979 Fortune magazine article, Flying high with the Singapore Girls, it was noted that far from being repelled by the notion of becoming a `girl, about 7,000 young Singaporean women applied last year for 347 openings in the hostess ranks of SIA (Harvard Business School, 1989b). In the West, its acceptability in recent years had changed quite appreciably. In 1997, it was noted that: Her popularity in the West is such that it would be quite risky for SIA to attempt to change the image at a time when people there are getting used to her (Analyst, Goldman Sachs, The Sunday Times, 1997a, p. 3). Customer focus, innovation, creative service and service excellence On an SIA flight in 1996, a Chinese couple travelling in first-class with their children and nanny had refused the food served. When asked, the man of the family replied: We are just not used to these and would prefer a bowl of instant noodles. Since then, every SIA flight carries a supply of instant noodles for those customers who find in-flight cuisine not quite to their taste (Asian Business, 1996, p. 40). In addition, first-class and business-class passengers flying out of Singapore can now pre-order certain Singapore local fare prior to their flight to be served to them onboard. These are just some examples that illustrate the constant drive by SIA to introduce new ideas to improve customer service, in its customer focus to win customer satisfaction and even delight. There is of course nothing high-tech or sophisticated about instant noodles nor Singapore local fare, but these examples highlight the creative customer service even in simple things that has won SIA wide praise (Asian Business,1996, p. 40). This has become a hallmark of SIAs service excellence. In 1972, SIA was the first airline to introduce free food and alcoholic drinks on its flights. SIA has recognised that in this highly competitive market, any advantage gained by one airline over others will be short-lived, and ideas that are new will become commonplace in a matter of months. However, it noted that the important thing is to always stay in the forefront both in service and in technology (Asian Business, 1996, p. 40). This strategy of SIA focuses primarily not on reducing costs, but on enhancing quality or service and preventing customer problems from arising. SIA has succeeded most uniquely with this type of strategy in the airline industry, a strategy commonly employed in service businesses that command premium prices with high margins, businesses in which there is a high degree of repeat business, with word-of-mouth praise by customers as a most important marketing channel. It has been argued by some that an organisation should be conservative in its promises regarding service excellence to prevent customer expectations becoming too high. High expectations, so that argument goes, increase the potential for customer dissatisfaction. Such prescriptions, however, serve only companies with modest ambitions. In SIAs case, it was very different. It had a bold strategic vision and aspiration of being a top airline, not just any ordinary good airline. Through its careful market positioning and delivering its service promise, SIA could be said to be the very first airline in the international airline industry to have succeeded in developing such a powerful and enduring image of quality service that has resulted in its acquiring a sustainable competitive advantage. Its ability to sustain this advantage, even as its competitors seek to develop comparable service capability, had been buttressed by the fact that it was the first to earn and attain the quality-servic e position and image in the market and in customers minds. High service quality standards need to be developed systematically over time. Although sustaining a competitive advantage based on service quality is possible, this requires unrelenting effort on the part of an organisation to continually improve its service. This was achieved in SIAs case. As part of SIAs strategy to differentiate itself on the basis of superior customer service, it was able successfully to generate a vision of service excellence throughout the organisation. Such an organisation-wide energizing vision of service excellence is a powerful source of competitive advantage in top class service organisations. Such strength can be the bedrock of a quality and service-based sustainable competitive advantage. A service organisation that does not have such a shared vision and culture of service excellence will have a tough task acquiring it, as it cannot be bought. It must be built, as in SIAs case. In SIAs case, setting exceptionally high customer service standards generated a positive spirit and culture that had many follow-on results. Customer servicewent beyond the mechanics involved in efficiently providing a service onboard. Pride, zeal, and motivation were some of the positive service hallmarks that flowed from the shared vision and culture of service excellence, and the results were impressive. Unlike robots or machines, where differences in performance are largely rooted in technical specifications, human beings are subject to major performance variation. The SIAs vision and culture that hold exceptionally high customer service standards as a strategic objective to be attained were a most important factor accounting for its exceptional performance. To support this service excellence strategy, SIA adopts a most rigorous quality control system and process for staff recruitment and selection, as well as a rigorous training and service policy (Asian Business Review, 1996, p. 34). For example, SIA has one flight attendant for every 22 seats, the highest in the world and well above the industry average. Cabin crew must be under 26 and are employed on a five-year contract after making it through a very selective three-stage interview process that includes a social function Previously, all cabin crew would complete a six-month training course before they could be allowed to serve a customer. However, this has now been compressed into an intensive four-month course, which is still considered to be the longest and most comprehensive programme of any major airline. In comparison, Cathay Pacific, for instance, conducts only a seven-week intensive training programme on technical, safety and interpersonal skills. The aim of SIAs training is to provide gracious service reflecting warmth and friendliness, while maintaining an image of authority and confidence in the passengers minds. Each month, thousands of young ladies would apply for the airlines rigorous course that emphasizes safety training and encompasses beauty tips, discussions of gourmet food and fine wines, and the art of conversation. SIA is also at the forefront of service innovation through technology. For instance, it introduced Electronic Ticketing for flights from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur and Penang (and vice versa) on 1 October 1997. About two weeks earlier, on a flight from Singapore to Tokyo on 15 September 1997, it had launched a revolutionary innovation in in-flight entertainment with the introduction of the WISEMEN system, offering passengers full control over their viewing and listening options. With WISEMEN, passengers will be able to choose from 15 movies, 20 short features and about 50 CDs. This is over and above the current SIAs in-flight entertainment system, Krisworld, which already had 22 video channels, 12 audio channels and ten games channels. Internet check-in for First Class, Raffles Class and PPS Club Members flying out of Singapore was introduced on 20 November 1996. SIAs profitability track record Just as well-known as its product/service differentiation strategy, as well as its creative service and service excellence, but certainly less familiar, is SIAs profitability track record. Since its inception in 1972 some 25 years ago, SIA has had an uninterrupted profit track record. Asian Business Review, in an article piece on Asias Great Companies, noted that its financial track record is almost unheard of in the brutally cyclical airline industry, and touted it as the Worlds most profitable airline (Asian Business Review, 1996, p. 34). Its profitability track record is even more astounding considering that it is the national airline of a small country that is essentially just a city, of only 647 square kilometres and 3.6 million populations, with no domestic routes to monopolise. Yet, despite this it has managed to consistently deliver profits in one of the worlds most cyclical industries. SIA has an established practice of keeping its fleet young and modern (Singapore Airlines, 1997b, p. 5). This, made possible by the airlines strong cash flow position, has allowed it to maintain a fuel-efficient fleet that averages just over five years of age without resorting to heavy borrowing or costly leasing deals. The fleets of most other international carriers are more than twice as old as SIAs. SIAs fleet is in fact the youngest in the world, not taking into account the couple of small regional airlines that have just started up. For SIA, this strategy which entails heavy capital costs, however, translates to significant savings through minimising aircraft downtime and minimizing maintenance costs. Newer aircraft are also faster and more fuel efficient, and are perceived by passengers to be safer. For instance, the B747-400 is 10 percent more fuel efficient than its predecessor. For SIA, this means a significant saving as about 15 percent of the companys expenditure is on fuel (Asian Business Review, 1996, p. 34). Most airlines use a combination of different financing schemes for their aircraft with the core fleet usually on long-term leases to minimise interest costs. SIA is, however, about the only major airline in the world to finance aircraft internally. Although there were times in the past when SIA financed aircraft using operating leases, these were primarily because of tax considerations. SIA has always viewed it as advantageous for an airline to own aircraft outright, as excess capacity can be disposed of expeditiously should a rapid downturn occur in the economy. In this way, the cost of maintaining underutilized aircraft can be avoided. SIA is very active in the used-aircraft market. In the last 17 years, SIA has in fact sold off 69 of its older aircraft at a total value of US$1.69 billion. To have flexibility, SIA makes it a high priority to negotiate options on new aircraft purchases and deliveries: We aim for steady growth, not haphazard fits and starts. We do not try and outguess the economy. It is only through advanced planning, focused on consistent growth, that the whole organisation can function efficiently. We need to train pilots, buy new aircraft, expand facilities, design new aircraft configurations and move forward in 100 other areas of the company (Dr Cheong Choong Kong, CEO, SIA, 1996, Asian Business Review, 1996, p. 34). SIAs strategy can therefore be described as one of steady growth, and of taking the long-term strategic view. It does not simply react to cyclical and transient market conditions. It invests in capacity and increases route frequency only when it is confident that there is the market. This means that operations are not necessarily cut back when yields indicate a downward trend or when a particular business is struggling during its start-up or infancy stage. SIAs strategy of having separate subsidiaries to run and manage its business strategic units has contributed favourably to profitability. SIAs data processing division was moved from Singapore to Bombay to cut costs. Vertical integration and expansion through the formation of its Singapore Engine Overhaul Centre allowed the company to become self-sufficient in engine maintenance and reduce costs. Subsidiary SilkAir is run as a separate airline with its own brand and its own strategy, concentrating on secondary destinations within the region, and not major cities like London or New York, or places as far away as Japan. It is a different product with a different clientele. For example, SilkAir does not have a First Class. The freight business is becoming increasingly important for SIA. Although it is currently contributing about 20 percent to the groups revenue, it is set to grow. This may increase to 25 percent within the next few years. SIA now has five Boeing 747-400 dedicated freighters, known as Mega Arks. This is the most modern Boeing 747 and SIA is the largest operator of the freight version in the world. Including underfloor space on passenger aircraft, SIA has a weekly capacity of 126 million freight ton kilometres. Its growth in market shares surpassed its growth in freight volumes. In financial year 1996, SIA posted group profits of S$732 million (Asia Aviation, 1996, p. 18). For the financial year 1997, SIA posted interim net profits for the six months to 30 September 1997 nearly 10 percent higher to S$616 million, more than most analysts had expected (Business Times, 1997b, p. 7). The 9.9 percent rise in earnings was due to better yields and lower costs, a strong recovery in the cargo market and lower fuel prices (Straits Times, 1997b,p. 88). SIAs strong showing exceeded the expectations of many analysts. The consensus full-year forecast by analysts polled was S$1.14 billion with estimates ranging from S$1.07 billion by CS First Boston to S$1.3 billion by Union Bank of Switzerland (The Estimate Directory, 1997). This works out to be an average forecast of 10 percent full-year net profit growth for SIA by the 32 analysts polled. SIAs strategic vision and its rise on the world stage Of all things Ive done, the most vital is coordinating the talents of those who work for us and pointing them toward a certain goal (Walter Elias Disney, Founder, Walt Disney Company, 1954). Far better to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs, even though checkered by failure, than to take rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy much nor suffer much, because they live in the gray twilight that knows not victory, nor defeat (Theodore Roosevelt, 1899). The SIA story parallels and reflects the visionary, can-do and energizing spirit embodied in the above quotes. SIA was able to have a highly focused and energising strategy that engages its people, reaching out to them and grabbing them in the gut, to produce spectacular results over its 50-year history. No airline can boast and match this in terms of overall impact and sustainability. Comparison with its twin sister airline, MAS, in which they share a common first 25 years, demonstrates starkly what SIA has achieved in the last 25 years. 1997 saw SIA named The Worlds Best Airline for the fourth year running in the Zagat Airline Survey. A major consumer survey company in the US, Zagat surveyed 10,000 frequent travellers to rate 61major air carriers.Air Transport World, in 1994, called SIAtheWorldsNo. 1 airline over the last two decades. Accolades also came in for SIA from Europe. At the Seventh Espace Voyages Professionals (Business Travel Fair) in Paris in October 1997, SIA was announced the top airline in the only business travel survey, Baromeatre Voyages dAffaires, in the long-haul category. In the British-based 1997 Executive Travel magazine awards, SIA swept the Airline of the Year, Best Airline to the Far East, Best Long Haul Airline, Best Ground Check-in Staff and Best Airport Lounges awards. Closer to home in the Asia-Pacific, 1997 marks the sixth straight year in which SIA has walked away with the overall Best Airlines Award in the Business Traveller -Asia-Pacific awards. BA clinched the seventh position. Its positions for 1996 and 1995 were sixth and seventh, respectively. MAS dropped to the 32nd position in 1997, down from its 18th and 26th positions in 1995 and 1996, respectively (Business Traveller -Asia Pacific, 1997b, p. 40). SIAs performance in competitive rankings of all companies in Asia is just as impressive. In all the annual Asias Most Admired Companies (AMAC) surveys conducted by Asian Business since the inception of the AMAC Polls in 1991, SIA has been voted either first or second. In the three most recent Asian Business AMAC Polls (1995 to 1997), which covered some 250 major companies across Asia, it consolidated its position by emerging the clear winner. BA and MAS were placed at the 117th and 206th positions in 1997, respectively (Asian Business, 1997, p. 24). A 1997 research report by the London-based Travel and Tourism Intelligence on a study of the Asian civil aviation industry concluded that SIA is set to remain Asias leading carrier for the next decade (Straits Times, 1997f, p. 6). MAS saw its previous position slip, and was reckoned to need several more years to recover. The research report, which profiled 18 major airlines in the region, attributed SIAs lead to its unique combination of profitability, market leadership in in-flight entertainment, its reputation for quality and the advantages of its Changi Airport base. In 1997, it was noted by Business Traveller-Asia Pacific that: Singapores excellence in the world of international aviation remains so unquestioned that its become an article of faith. Through a combination of constant product development, consistent and excellent in-flight service and what is probably the most ambitious and extensive fleet-renewal programme in the world, SIA has become the standard by which all other international airlines are judged. That pre-eminence in the sky had been buttressed on the ground by an urban infrastructure that, whether youre talking in Asian or global terms, is second to none. Changi Airport . . . (Business Traveller Asia Pacific (1997a)). SIAs ratings given by other airlines, including those of its competitors, were also very favourable: SIA is a world-class airline and we respect it greatly. It is still very competitive. Other carriers are always interested in what SIA is doing (Ian Gay, Regional General Manager of Qantas-BA Alliance, 1997, The Sunday Times, 1997d, p. 3). SIA is an airline that sets trends, is profitable and well-managed, and takes a personal interest in its passengers (Mike Simon, Emirates Head of Communications, 1997, The Sunday Times, 1997d, p. 3). Conclusion In its 50-year history, SIA has come a long way. It has become an industry leader and innovator, setting standards to which other airlines aspire. At 50, it is still riding high as it begins a new chapter of its corporate journey. On the occasion of its 50th Anniversary Celebration, it was thrown a new challenge by the Prime Minister of Singapore to scale a new peak (Straits Times, 1997g, p. 5). Six days later, the first of the 77 Jubilee B777-200 aircraft that SIA has ordered from Boeing touched down at Changi Airport. In October 1997, SIA announced that it is considering inviting foreign talent to join its board of directors, to reflect the international nature of its business. This is to underline its global character and to stay ahead of the competition. A month later, its HQ moved into its new HQ building in the heart of the citys downtown. It has also embarked on a major exercise to change its corporate culture to prepare for the global competition in the new millennium. In October 1997, SIA Chairman, revealed that SIA is gearing up for a new era of heightened competition where tailor-made in-flight service, for the increasingly demanding passenger, will be the norm. He noted that: one of the changes we see is that passengers will refuse to be compartmentalised into one average unit. Each person will have his own particular needs and he will want service that is tailored tomeet those particular needs. On SIAs future direction, he pointed out that: Basically, it has to be service, and better service. Others have learned that what differentiates one airline from another is service. They have wised up to it and have also starting improving their service. The challenge is therefore to keep ahead of the pack (The Sunday Times, 1997b, p. 32). On how SIA intends to keep ahead, Chairman revealed that: The crew will have to be equipped to meet the special needs of passengers. They would have to be . . . We are constantly reviewing procedures and training methods. . . so that when people fly, SIA will be the preferred airline (The Sunday Times, 1997b, p. 32). He further stressed that, while customer satisfaction was seen in the many awards the airline received, SIA would not take this for granted. For all its international flights, SIA crews are now being prepared to be conversant with and to make announcements in the languages of the countries it flies to. In November 1997, SIA hired McKinsey Company to conduct a 12-week management review. Its plans for more expansion and to become more global are well underway. On Sep 2000 Singapore Airlines (SIA) signed a memorandum of understanding to acquire 49 per cent of Virgin Atlantic, the holding company for Virgin Atlantic Airways, Virgin Holidays, Virgin Sun and Virgins cargo operation, Virgin Aviation Services. The cost of the transaction to SIA is GBP 600.25 million (S$1620 million), which includes a capital injection of GBP 49 million (S$132 million). Virgin will reinvest a further GBP 51 million (S$138 million) into Virgin Atlantic. This big investment, the first by the SIA Group in another airline, will move it nearer to its goal of being a major global In 2006 Singapore Airlines announced that it has expanded its co-operation with Virgin Atlantic Airways to enable customers of both airlines to enjoy more choice when they fly between Australia, the UK, the United States, the Middle East and Singapore. Judging from its past track record, as well as the concerted and systematic way it has anticipated and prepared itself for the new competition and changes to come, the prospect of it continuing with its winning streak looks good. References: U.S. Dot Form 41, Boeing Corp; World Airlines in Review, Interavia Business Technology, June 1999. Journal of Management Development, Vol .19 Journal of Air Transport Management xxx (2009) 1-6 Asia Aviation (1996), SIA posts strong $732m group profit, June. Asian Business (1996), Asias most admired companies 1996: creative service is secret of success, May. 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The Sunday Times (1997c), SIA recruits cabin crew who speak passengers languages, October The Sunday Times (1997d), Even No. 1must do better to stay ahead of the competition, August The Estimate Directory (1997), October Government of Singapore, Department of Statistics, browsed on (22nd Aug) www.singstat.gov.